Endocrine

• related: Medicine

MKSAP

• Disorders of Glucose Metabolism
• Disorders of the Pituitary Gland
• Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
• Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
• Reproductive Disorders
• Transgender Hormone Therapy Management
• Calcium and Bone Disorders

Pituitary

• pituitary adenoma
• inappropriately normal TSH could be sign of central hypothyroidism
• pituitary apoplexy
• MEN
• hyperprolactinemia

DKA HHS diagnosis

• related: DKA

DKA:

• **hyperglycemia, anion gap metabolic acidosis, and ketonemia **
• Hyperglycemia: usually < 800 mg/dL and commonly between 350 to 500 mg/dL (19.4 to 27.8 mmol/L). Higher in comatose patients, lower in starvation, pregnancy, insulin rx prior to arrival, SGLT2 usage
• Metabolic acidosis is often the major finding.

HHS:

• Hyperglycemia: frequently >1000 mg/dL
• Hyperosmolality: serum osm > 380 mosmol/kg, and neurologic abnor

DKA ddx

• related: DKA

DKA ddx:

Alcoholic and fasting ketoacidosis — Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) and starvation ketosis are other causes of ketoacidosis. Low-carbohydrate diets can also precipitate ketoacidosis. Metabolic acidosis can be relatively severe in patients with AKA. However, when ketoacidosis develops as a result of starvation, it is usually relatively mild. Ketoacid levels with prolo