Milkline/crest forms during 4th week. Milklines are formed from thickening of epidermis..
Layers of epidermis:..
Epidermis downgrowth into dermis. Ductal epithelial cells that make milk made from basalis layer of epidermis. Myoepithelial cells that contract to secrete milk made from mesenchymal (fibroblasts, mesoderm) around ducts.. Anything with milk production made by ectoderm
Milk produced in the alveolus and stored in the lactiferous sinus. Contraction of myoepithelial cells forces milk out of the nipple. There are 9-10 lactiferous ducts per breast..
Sebaceous glands of breasts. No hair follicles. Secretes lipoid substances that keep the breast moist.
Anterior intercostal..
stimulates lactiferous duct growth and breast tissue enlargement at puberty.
stimulates formation of secretory alveoli that produces the milk.
Estrogen and progesterone produced from follicle, corpus leuteum during ovulation, and from syncytiotrophoblast of placenta during pregnancy..
Stages of milk production:
Secreted by lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production as well as the development of milk-producing breast lobules.
Aka luteotropin.
Is a hormone named because of its role in lactation, and it is produced by:
3 major actions:
During pregnancy the levels of prolactin, estrogen and progesterone increase. This increases prolactin secretion from lactotrophs. However, estrogen and progesterone also down-regulate prolactin receptors, preventing lactation from occurring during pregnancy. Also dopamine..
At parturition, there is a precipitous drop in estrogen and progesterone, and at that point prolactin receptors are no longer down-regulated, allowing the high levels of prolactin seen during pregnancy to take action, thereby triggering lactation to occur..
Secretory IgA antibody helps to reduce neonatal gut infections since neonates have underdeveloped gut immune system..
Suckling is required to maintain milk production, because the increased nerve stimulation increases oxytocin and prolactin levels..
The suckling infant stimulates hypothalamus to produce oxytocin that increases milk secretion. This is called letdown reflex..
Reflex arc activates 3 areas:
Prolactin is increased by TRH:..
A nonapeptide that is primarily produced by the paraventricular nuclei within the hypothalamus, and secreted from the posterior pituitary. Like ADH, oxytocin travels to the posterior pituitary via carrier proteins called neurophysins.
Antidiuretic hormone is homologous to oxytocin. These nonapeptides only differ in structure by two amino acids..
The major stimulus for secretion is suckling. Other positive stimuli include dilation of the cervix and orgasm.
The primary effects are milk ejection and uterine contraction. Causes milk ejection by inducing contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast.
Clinical correlation: Oxytocin (Pitocin) can be given to reduce postpartum bleeding because it causes uterine contraction..
Can have several adverse effects. These include:
From | Effect | |
---|---|---|
Prolactin | Anterior pituitary | milk synthesis |
Oxytocin | Posterior pituitary | milk contraction by myoepithelial cells |